Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)|Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade

Hyaluro-nic Acid and Environmental Factors

Hyaluro-nic Acid and Connective Tissue Disorders

Frequently Asked Questions about Hyaluro-nic Acid

Hyaluro-nic acid for deeply moisturizing the skin and fighting wrinkles and lines

The composition and physicochemical properties of hyaluro-nic acids prepared from ox synovial fluid and from a case of mesothelioma

Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade

Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)

Hyaluronic Acid（Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade） is a natural biotic component, widely existing in skin and any other tissue. It has outstanding moisture keeping ability, thus called Natural Moisturing Factor (NMF) in the world. It is the best component used in cosmetics for moisture keeping in the nature. When HA applied to the skin, macromolecular Hyaluronic Acid （Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade）can form an air permeable thin layer and keep the skin smooth and moist, and protect the skin from bacteria, dust, and ultraviolet ray. With low molecular HA penetrating into corium, it will slightly enlarge blood capillaries, speed circulation of blood, improve inter-mediary metabolism and nourishment absorbing ability of skin, thus eliminating wrinkles, increasing skin's elasticity and delaying its aging. Hyaluronic Acid as well can further hyperplasia of epidermis cell, clean oxygen free radical, prevent and rehabilitate breach of skin.

Technical standard:

Specification\Name	Sodium hyaluronate(Cosmetic grade)
Characters	White or almost white powder
Sodium Hyaluronate (dry basis)	90%-105%
Glucuronic acid	≥42.0%
PH(0.1% Water Solution)	6.0-7.5
Molecular Weight	(0.8-1.8)*10⁶
Protein	≤0.1%
Transparency (0.1% Solution)	≥ 99%
Loss on drying	≤10.0%
Heavy metals (as Pb)	≤20ppm
Arsenic	≤2ppm
Bacteria count	≤ 100CFU/g
Mold & Yeast	≤ 10CFU/g
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Negative
Staphylococcus aureus	Negative
Packing	According to the request of the customers
Storage	Stored in an airtight container at 2-8 ^oC
Validity	Two years

Hyaluro-nic Acid and Connective Tissue Disorders

The list below contains links to a sample of the studies where subjects with connective tissue disorders have been shown to have hyaluronic acid（Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade） abnormalities:

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Marfan syndrome
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Stickler syndrome

Not surprisingly, these disorders all have a lot of overlapping features, and many of these overlapping features, when studied individually, are also linked to hyaluronic acid(Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) abnormalities. In every study I looked at for connective tissue disorders that examined hyaluro-nic acid, the levels were always abnormal in patients with connective tissue disorders.

In human and animal studies, Hyaluronan abnormalities occur in:

Heart valves with MVP
TMJ
Joint instability
Osteoarthritis
Detached retinas
Muscle contractures
Rachitic skeletal features (pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum, scoliosis, bowed limbs, hypermobility, etc.)
Glaucoma
Keratoconus
Poor scar formation (fetuses do not scar because of the high content of HA in amniotic fluid)
Acrogeria (prematurely wrinkled skin)
Fibromyalgia
Premature aging syndromes* (which share many features with connective tissue disorders, especially Ehlers-Danlos)

Hyaluronan, or commercial preparations containing hyaluronic acid(Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade), are in use, or being studied to be used, to prevent, treat or aid in the surgical repair for many the types of problems people with connective tissue disorders tend to have such as:

Fractures
Hernias
Glaucoma
Keratoconus
Detached retinas
Osteoarthritis (HA injections are the new breakthrough treatment for this condition)
Muscle contractures
TMJ
Prevents scarring
Vocal cord insufficiency
Wrinkled skin
Cartilage damage
Wound healing
Ligament Healing
The list below contains a partial list of common features of several connective tissue disorders. Both the syndromes and the individual features of the syndrome (even when the individual features are studied in the general population, not just in people with genetic disorders), all have links to hyaluronic acid abnormalities.
Hyaluronic acid occurs in abundant amounts in many of the places people with connective tissue disorders have problems such as the joints, the eyes, the skin and heart valves. Hyaluronic acid is needed to cushion and lubricate joints, eyes, skin and heart valves.

People with connective tissue disorders and related features all seem to have abnormalities of hyaluronan. In every study I found that analyzed hyaluronic acid levels in people with connective tissue disorders or related disorders, when compared to controls they always had hyaluronic acid abnormalities.

HA is influenced by nutrition and other environmental factors. Many of the features of premature aging syndromes and connective tissue disorders are also known to be caused by nutritional deficiencies, and not surprisingly these are often the same nutritional factors that influence the manufacture of hyaluronic acid（Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade）. My theory is that this is not all one big coincidence. Logically, it is more likely to be a predictable sequence of causes and effects.

Hyaluronic acid is being used commercially or experimentally to correct a large portion of the problems found in connective tissue disorders such as fractures, eye disorders, poor wound healing and prematurely wrinkled skin. It would be highly logical to consider the possibility that hyaluronic acid works to correct these problems because defects or deficiencies of hyaluronic acid are what cause these problems in the first place.

Perhaps controlling or optimizing the environmental factors, such as modifying ones diet, to optimize hyaluronic acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) levels would be helpful in treating many inherited connective tissue disorders and premature aging syndrome.

Article Source:

http://herbherbal.com/hyaluronic-acid-and-connective-tissue-disorders/

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Use of Hyaluronan Acid in cosmetics

Hyaluronic Acid is an ingredient used in many high quality products and has been linked to a role in tissue hydration and dehydration, lubrication, and other aspects of cellular function, along with other vitamins and nutrients in the body. Hyaluronic Acid has a half life in the body, in cartilage of two to three weeks, but only one day in the skin. When synthesis in the body declines people experience discomfort of the joints, wrinkles and many people report more frequent illness, leading many to believe that a constant supply of Hyaluronic Acid(Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) is beneficial. Some scientists believe that it creates a cushion effect between joints of the body and provides more elasticity in the skin, and a softer feel. Some scientists also believe that it raises the while blood cell count, helping to ward off infection.

Hyaluronic Acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) was described as the goo muscle until the late 1970’s, and was simply believed to be a carbohydrate polymer until that time. It was later discovered that it is one of the main lubricating components of synovial fluid in the body, abundant in extra cellular matrices, and that it contributes to the hydrodynamics of tissue, cell proliferation and movement. Naturally found in many body tissues, Hyaluronan Acid is often used in medical applications such as eye surgery – corneal transplants, cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, and retinal detachment repair. It is also used to treat osteoarthritis in areas such as the knee. In addition to lubrication and cushioning of joints it has an analgesic effect, and positive effects of cartilage. In cancer treatment it is used as a tumor marker; particularly in breast cancer and prostate cancer. Use of Hyaluronan Acid in cosmetics is a relatively new use of this substance, but it has been approved by the FDA since 2003 and is becoming increasingly popular.

An interesting side note is the study of a village in Japan, featured on an episode of the ABC newsmagazine 20/20. People in this village tend to live to be much older than average, and ten percent of the villagers are 85 years of age or older. The diet of the village people is primarily sticky stanches like sweet potatoes, and it is believed by many people that these foods promote Hyaluronic Acid(Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade), which contributes to youthfulness due to the lubricating effects on joints, skin, and the eyes. While these studies have not been proven, many people find them of interest and research continues.
For more information visit:

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Article Source:

http://herbherbal.com/use-of-hyaluronan-acid-in-cosmetics/

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Hyaluro-nic Acid and Environmental Factors

There are many factors known to influence Hyaluronan levels. Genes are likely to be a factor, but there are many environmental factors that are known to have an impact, including zinc and magnesium availability. Not surprisingly, magnesium and zinc deficiencies are known to be associated with many of the same symptoms associated with hyaluro-nic acid abnormalities, such as mitral valve prolapse and poor wound healing, respectively. Perhaps this is because the zinc or magnesium deficiency contributes to the hyaluronic acid(Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) abnormality, which in turn causes the symptom.

There are a multitude of studies on Medline regarding hyaluro-nic acid and a wide variety of environmental factors. Here is a sample of some of the interesting ones that relate to connective tissue disorders:

Hyaluronic acid(Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) becomes abnormally elevated in the skin of swine who have zinc deficiencies. Magnesium is needed for hyaluro-nic acid synthesis. Perhaps a lack of magnesium is one of the factors in some connective tissue disorders. Magnesium supplementation is an established treatment for many of the symptoms of connective tissue disorders, such as fibromyalgia, mitral valve prolapse and contractures.

Ascorbic acid can degrade Hyaluronan. Estrogen treatment increases activity of hyaluronic acid. Estrogen is known to increase utilization of nutrients like magnesium and zinc – nutrients that are known to affect hyaluronic acid(Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) levels. Cigarette smoke is known to degrade hyaluro-nic acid.

In a study of rats, hyaluronic acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) turnover and metabolism were affected by age, dietary composition, and caloric intake. If what rats ate affected their hyaluro-nic acid levels, then this may be a good clue that diet may well affect hyaluronic levels in humans, too. In another study on rats, hyaluro-nic acid deposition in rat cerebellum is affected by thyroid deficiency, thyroxine treatment and undernutrition. In a study of humans, hyaluronic acid levels were altered by physical activity and food ingestion.

In a study on rats, skin hyaluronic acid concentration was higher than normal in energy deficiency, but below normal levels in prolonged protein deficiency. In rats suffering from prolonged malnutrition, the collagen concentrations are reduced. (Reduced collagen concentrations are also found in some of the connective tissue disorders such as osteogenesis imperfecta, as are a plethora of other conditions also associated with hyaluro-nic acid abnormalities. Not surprisingly, zinc deficits are known to affect hyaluronic acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) levels. In a study on rats, among other symptoms, a deficiency in zinc resulted in impaired collagen synthesis.)

Strep and staph bacteria emit an enzyme called hyaluronidase. Hyaluronidase is an enzyme which breaks down hyaluronic acid, thus allowing an entry point for the bacteria to enter the body. This may be why people may become hypermobile or develop heart aliments like mitral valve prolapse after illnesses such as rheumatic fever–because the Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade in their connective tissue has been degraded by the bacteria that causes their illness.

If animals that are genetically similar to humans such as rats can have reduced collagen levels and hyaluro-nic acid abnormalities from changes in their diets, then it would be logical to consider diet as a causative factor in people with the hyaluronic acid abnormalities.

Article Source:

http://herbherbal.com/hyaluronic-acid-and-environmental-factors/

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Frequently Asked Questions about Hyaluro-nic Acid

Question: What foods contain hyaluronic acid?"
Answer: I have found very little information on this myself, though I am aware of two possible sources. The first was mentioned in a segment from ABC news about a hyaluro-nic acid consumption in a village in Japan . In the 20/20 segment, "The Village of Long Life: Could Hyaluronic Acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) Be an Anti-Aging Remedy?" the town doctor attributed the villager's long lives to "starchy root vegetables"-- satsumaimo, a type of sweet potato; satoimo, a sticky white potato; konyaku, a gelatinous root vegetable concoction; and imoji, a potato root. The doctor believes "these locally grown starches help stimulate the body’s natural creation of a substance called hyaluronic acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade), or HA, which aging bodies typically lose. This may ward off the aging process by helping the cells of the body thrive and retain moisture, keeping joints lubricated, protecting the retina in eyes and keeping skin smooth and elastic. 'I have never seen anyone suffer from skin cancer here, ' he says. 'I have seen a woman in her 90s with spotless skin.' ”
I have never read anything else about these vegetables stimulating hyaluronic acid(Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) per se, but root vegetables do tend to have high amounts of magnesium, so it would seem plausible that this could be true. Recent research shows that root vegetable consumptions may also reduce the risk of certain types of cancer.

The second source of hyaluronic acid I can think of would be to eat animal parts known to contain a lot of hyaluronic acid. I make broth for soup from boiled animal parts that contain a lot of skin, tendons and joints. This is the one food that helped my fibromyalgia more than anything else. I've also noticed that if I eat too much of this broth my blood pressure rises, which is interesting because people like me with connective tissue disorders usually have unusually low blood pressure. It also seems to improve my breathing. My kids don't like to eat a lot of soup, so I make a nutritious broth from bones and vegetables for them and use it instead of water when I make rice, a food they do like.

Chicken soup is medicine, U.S. scientists confirm - One of the ways that bacteria enter the body is by breaking through the hyaluronic acid(Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) barrier. So perhaps this is one of the reasons chicken soup really does work against infections and colds. Maybe the hyaluro-nic acid in the broth prevents bacteria and viruses from invading the body. My kids like Campbell's healthy Request Chicken Noodle Soup, so I give that to them whenever they are sick and most of the time they start to feel better right away. (See the chart from the actually study on "The effect of various commercial soups on neutrophil chemotaxis").

See my section on "What Helped Me - Diet Changes" for the dietary changes that helped my family's connective tissue disorder problems.

Question: Should I take HA supplements?
You should check with your doctor before taking HA or any other supplements.
I've gotten a number of questions on hyaluronic acid and breast cancer. To see all of the study abstracts linking these conditions, go to PubMed, and enter:
hyaluronic acid(Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) breast cancer in the search box.
In particular, check out this abstract, from cancer researchers at the University of California San Francisco:
"A hyaluronan-rich environment often correlate with tumor progression, and may be one mechanism for the invasive behavior of malignancies. Eradication of hyaluronan by hyaluronidase administration could reduce tumor aggressiveness and would provide, therefore, a new anti-cancer strategy."

For information on hyaluronidase (an enzyme that breaks down HA) and hyaluro-nic acid, check out my mitral valve prolapse page.

Women with too low of estrogen levels are at higher risk for conditions like fractures, osteoporosis and a lack of menstruation. Women with high levels of estrogen tend to have increased risks of blood clots, high bone density, high blood pressure and breast cancer. It's not that estrogen is good or bad, it's just that both unusually high levels and unusually low levels are linked to a variety of adverse (and interestingly inverse) health conditions. Perhaps the same may be true for hyaluronic acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade).

HA and Other forms of Cancer -
In a paper on Hyaluronan and colon cancer, researchers wrote that "Hyaluronan is a cell-surface glycosaminoglycan that has been implicated in cancer progression......These data suggest that HA promotes adhesion to laminin and may thereby facilitate invasion of the basement membrane and metastasis in colon carcinoma."

In another study, researchers found that, "Hyaluronan a high-molecular weight glycosaminoglycan, is considered to be involved in the growth and progression of malignant tumours."

Question: I've read a lot of articles about the benefits of large quantities of vitamin C. Your hyaluronic acid section mentions that ascorbic acid (vitamin C) might be bad for hyaluronic acid. Is vitamin C good to take or not?
Answer: I personally have not had good experiences with taking large supplemental doses of any single nutrient. Every nutrient in the human body has a multitude of co-factors that need to be consumed in balanced amounts for good health, so taking a single supplement may solve one deficiency and then create more problems by triggering co-factor deficiencies.

Vitamin C is a nutrient your body needs in the right amounts. If you don't consume any vitamin C, sooner or later you will develop scurvy, like sailors used to who went on long sea voyages. (British sailors were named "Limies" because of the limes they would take on their voyages to prevent scurvy.) Yet, too much vitamin C, as with too much of any nutrient, can be toxic. Large doses of vitamin C may lower other nutrient levels including vitamin B12, copper and selenium blood levels

I do note a study in my hyaluronic acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade)section that found that ascorbic acid can degrade hyaluro-nic acid. But this isn't necessarily bad, in fact for some people, this maybe good thing. While insufficient defective hyaluro-nic acid isn't ideal, too much HA may not be so great either. High levels of hyaluonic acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) have been linked to different types of of cancers, including breast cancer, in a variety of different studies. Interestingly, vitamin C is often mentioned as being beneficial for breast and other cancers.

Think of it this way: Your body needs a variety of ingredients in the right proportions to function, just like you need a variety of ingredients to make a cake. If you are making a cake and you are short on eggs, it's okay to add more eggs, up to a certain amount. If you are not short on eggs, then just adding more eggs is going to ruin your cake. If you are short on flour but not eggs, but you keep adding more eggs but no extra flour, you are really going to end up with a mess.

It's the same basic principle with your body, only on a larger and much more complex scale. Some people might have defective collagen because they are short on vitamin C. For those people, getting extra vitamin C in their diets would probably be good. But taking massive doses of vitamin C, especially if a person isn't deficient in vitamin C to begin with, probably isn't a good thing.
If you are concerned you may have a vitamin C deficiency or any other nutritional deficiency, see my sections on Holistic Doctors and Nutrition Testing.

Artilcle Source:

http://www.ctds.info/hyaluronic_acid_2.html

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Hyaluronic acid for deeply moisturizing the skin and fighting wrinkles and lines

Consumers sometimes misunderstand Hyaluronan and few realize the nearly magical properties that it contains. Although it is called an “acid” it occurs naturally in the skin (and joints) and its moisturizing properties are of such nature that cosmetic surgeons inject it, to remove wrinkles. It carries no risk of allergies.

General information
What makes it even a more attractive cosmetic ingredient is the fact that it is non toxic, non irritating and non sensitizing – so it can be used on all skin types.

But injecting hyaluronic acid(Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) is not necessary – as it is the cosmetic ingredient that penetrates the skin the deepest and imparts its moisturizing effect to the skin, and also “holds” moisture in the skin – giving a far more youthful looking appearance.

It is so effective that it will penetrate the dermis and epidermis within 30 minutes of application and this fact was well documented in clinical trails, which show that it not only passively diffuses into the skin, but is made possible by active transport into the skin. REF 180

Clinical data has also proven that hyaluronic acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) is very important in controlling tissue hydration – which is a boon for anti-aging cosmetics – such as our Dermaxime Rejuvenating Range. REF 160

Use of hyaluronic acid in cosmetics
Few cosmetic manufacturers use it, or if they do, use a weak solution, or the wrong type, as pure low-molecular weight hyaluro-nic acid is an extremely expensive ingredient and must be used at the correct percentage inclusion to do its work.

We use the 100% pure low molecular weight hyaluronic acid in our products.

Apart from its moisturizing capabilities, it is also extremely effective to “piggy-back” other ingredients into the skin – and for this reason it has been used extensively in medical applications for drug delivery.

Although we use hyaluronic acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade)in a cream for application to the skin – it in actual fact works in hydrating and moisturizing the skin from the inside and with this helps to smooth out wrinkles.

Apart from moisturizing and hydrating the skin plus the smoothing-out of wrinkles, the increase of hydration in the skin is of essential importance, as this helps in getting nutrition to the skin cells, as well as providing the vehicle for proper waste removal from the cells – as it helps to increase the amount of water held in the extracellular matrix of the skin.

This is an important point – as it not only supremely hydrates the skin, but also assists with the proper functioning of the actual cells in the skin and has a structure stabilizing function as well. REF 179

Hyaluronic acid and aging
As stated previously, hyaluronic acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) is naturally present in the skin, but as we age, the percentage of hyaluro-nic acid in the skin decreases, which also accounts for the loss of hydration and moisture in the skin.

This decrease in hyaluro-nic acid also affects the way that the skin operates and ultimately results in wrinkling and loss of elasticity and a decrease of collagen – the support of the skin.

The decrease of hyaluro-nic acid starts at around the age of 20, but becomes apparent when people get into their forties – and for this reason we promote the use of our Rejuvenating Range to young people as well – in order for them to counteract the effects of aging before it has time to cause tell-tale damage to the skin.

A decrease of hyaluronic acid also negatively impacts on the fibroblast of the skin – and this leads to even less collagen being made, which also cause the skin to become far less elastic.

An enzyme action in the skin – hyaluronidase – breaks down hyaluro-nic acid, and for this reason, it must be replenished if you intend to have a soft, smooth and young-looking complexion.

Hyaluronic acid and wound healing
During clinical trials it was also shown that this ingredient is effective to promote healing and to fight inflammatory conditions of the skin. REF 161

Inflammation of the skin is also one of the factors that cause skin aging.

Different types of hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronan can basically be divided into high and low molecular weight molecules – with the low molecular weight, being the preferred one to use in cosmetics, as it is a smaller molecule, which penetrates the skin far easier, yet has the ability of holding and binding the same amount of moisture in the skin as its higher molecule weight cousin.

The low molecular weight (LMW) hyaluronic acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) has also shown to increase important and needed enzymes in the skin, to increase skin health in general.

It is also of importance in keeping the normal functioning (homeostasis) of the skin on track - and actively helps with cell differentiation when the “baby” cells are formed in the epidermal stem cells (basal layer), and then start their journey through the skin to finish off as dead flattened cells that normally shed.

This whole process can be thrown off kilter as we age, by environmental factors as well as environmental chemicals and the LMW hyaluronic acids helps to balance this entire process as well - thereby normalizing healthy skin functioning.

Article Source:

http://www.dermaxime.com/hyaluronic-acid.htm#Use%20of%20hyaluronic%20acid%20in%20cosmetics

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The composition and physicochemical properties of hyaluronic acids prepared from ox synovial fluid and from a case of mesothelioma

Materials containing hyaluro-nic acid have been prepared by filtration (Ogston & Stanier, 1950) from ox synovial fluid and from a protein-rich human mesothelioma fluid. The ox material has been deproteinized by treatment with chloroform and pentanol and by gradient elution on DEAE-Sephadex; several fractions were obtained by the latter method. These materials can be stored in solution at −20° without change of properties. The ox material contained 21% of protein; all other preparations contained less than 6% of protein. 2. The two materials have been compared by sedimentation and viscosity and shown to be closely similar. Treatment of the ox material with neuraminidase caused no change in its viscosity behaviour. 3. Information about the molecular configuration of the ox material has been obtained from measurements of light-scattering and viscosity. The results, though consistent with a highly extended configuration, are not consistent with a linear random-coil configuration. It is tentatively suggested that the structure may have some degree of branching and of cross-linking, which give it a rigidity with respect to expansion of the molecular domain that would not be possessed by a random coil. 4. The deproteinized material recovered from DEAE-Sephadex, though polydisperse, showed unchanged average molecular weight; however, the average radius of gyration was greater than before this treatment. 5. Acidification to approx. pH3 resulted in a contraction of the structure, with only a slight degree of expansion when the pH was restored to 6·8–7·0. 6. Measurements of optical rotatory dispersion qualitatively support a structure less simple than a linear random coil. 7. Colloid osmotic pressures of mixed solutions of bovine serum albumin and of hyaluronic acid （Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade）prepared by filtration from ox synovial fluid have been measured. The results agree approximately with those of Laurent & Ogston (1963) but are in quantitative disagreement with the partition measurements of Ogston & Phelps (1960). The relationships between thermodynamic quantities in a quaternary system of electrolytes are discussed in Appendix 2. 8. Refractometric measurements have been made in connexion with light-scattering measurements, as the basis for a convenient method of determining the concentrations of solutions of hyaluronic acids (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade), and to measure the partition of sodium chloride in dialysis experiments. The theory of the last use is discussed in Appendix 1. 9. Sedimentation measurements on the ox preparation have been made up to a concentration of 1·4×10−2g./ml. The form of the sedimentation coefficient–concentration relationship is discussed. The value of the sedimentation coefficient at higher concentration is the basis of an illustration of the likely effect of hyaluronic acid (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade) on the flow of water through narrow channels in connective tissue. 10. Available colorimetric methods have been shown to give low estimates for glucuronic acid when applied to highly polymerized materials, as compared with estimates by decarboxylation. A spectrophotometric titration with cetylpyridinium bromide has been shown to give estimates of carboxyl groups that agree well with those of decarboxylation when applied to preparations of hyaluro-nic acid under suitable conditions; the results are not affected by the presence of protein. 11. Estimates of glucosamine (Ogston, 1964) have been found to be low compared with those of total acetyl, independently of the presence of protein. The magnitude of the discrepancy is characteristically different for preparations from ox synovial fluid and from mesothelioma. 12. Sialic acid was estimated in several preparations. It is likely that this forms part of the protein. 13. Analyses of preparations for total nitrogen, amino acids, total acetyl, glucuronic acid (by decarboxylation) and ash account for at least 95·7% of the dry weight in terms of N-acetylglucosaminyl, glucuronyl, protein and metal ions. Previously published analyses of hyaluro-nic acids are reviewed. 14. The estimated molar ratios of glucuronic acid to glucosamine were all significantly greater than unity. 15. The analytical results are interpreted as agreeing with the physicochemical measurements in suggesting a more complex structure, for at least some hyaluronic acids (Sodium Hyaluronate(Cosmetics grade)，Sodium Hyaluronate for Cosmetics grade), than that of an alternate linear copolymer in random-coil configuration.

Article Source:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1207059/

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